954 physiological differences such as differences in the ratio of different sleep stages or the arousal index. Some sleep disorders may increase the severity of the primary presentation of the syndrome. Sleep disorder diagnoses are no different in the IDD population, but there may be differences in the rate, clinical presentation, such as age of onset or severity, and their consequences. Studies have shown high rates of sleep disorders in subjects with IDD. In Down syndrome insomnia, sleep apnea and parasomnias are common, with many complaining of daytime sleepiness and fatigue. In Rett syndrome, abnormal brainstem respiratory control leads to abnormal breathing patterns. In this syndrome girls have irregular sleeping patterns and behaviors with nocturnal laughter, talking, screaming, crying and teeth grinding. Sleep disorders in Angelman syndrome include insomnia, irregular sleep cycles and lack of deep sleep. The rates of sleep disturbances in Rett and Angelman syndromes are so high that they are included in the disorders’ diagnostic criteria. The Smith-Magenis syndrome mutation directly affects the circadian system, shifting the biologic clock. In addition, rhythmic movements such as head banging are common at the wake-sleep transition time. In Williams syndrome there are difficulties falling and staying asleep. In this chapter we will review sleep disorders in these syndromes, with especially high rates of sleep disturbances and end
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